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<meta name="description" content="维生素C 的结构类似葡萄糖，是一种多羟基化合物，其分子中第2 及第3 位上两个相邻的烯醇式羟基极易解离而释出H+,故具有酸的性质，又称抗坏血酸。维生素C 具有很强的还原性，很容易被氧化成脱氢维生素C,但其反应是可逆的，并且抗坏血酸和脱氢抗坏血酸具有同样的生理功能,但脱氢抗坏血酸若继续氧化，生成二酮古乐糖酸，则反应不可逆而完全失去生理效能。...">
<title>维生素c_百度百科</title>
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<div style="width:0;height:0;clear:both"></div><dl class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-">
<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title">
<h1 >维生素c</h1>
<a href="javascript:;" class="edit-lemma cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-edit-link"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="lock-lemma" target="_blank" href="/view/10812319.htm" title="锁定"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_lock-lemma"></em>锁定</a>
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<a class="viewTip-icon" href="/subview/71844/10028254.htm" target="_blank" title="同义词">同义词</a>
<span class="viewTip-fromTitle">抗坏血酸</span>一般指维生素c
</span>
<div class="promotion-declaration">
</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C 的结构类似葡萄糖，是一种多羟基化合物，其分子中第2 及第3 位上两个相邻的烯醇式羟基极易解离而释出H+,故具有酸的性质，又称抗坏血酸。维生素C 具有很强的还原性，很容易被氧化成脱氢维生素C,但其反应是可逆的，并且抗坏血酸和脱氢抗坏血酸具有同样的生理功能,但脱氢抗坏血酸若继续氧化，生成二酮古乐糖酸，则反应不可逆而完全失去生理效能。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1">
[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<li class="active" data-id="200326">TA说</li>
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<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/tashuo/browse/content?id=5a65aebd47ece320687643ec&fr=qingtian&lemmaId=380582" target="_blank"><img src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/whfpf%3D180%2C140%2C50/sign=7ccfaa00888ba61edfbb9b6f2709a632/ac345982b2b7d0a2c10ea857c1ef76094a369a31.jpg" /></a>
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<div class="hotspotminingContent_cnt_tit"><span class="hotspotminingContent_cnt_tit_tit"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/tashuo/browse/content?id=5a65aebd47ece320687643ec&fr=qingtian&lemmaId=380582" target="_blank">狮子老虎不吃蔬菜水果，为何不会缺乏维生素C</a></span><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/static/wiki-lemma/widget/lemma_content/configModule/hotspotmining/img/flag_new_c80aa2a.png" />
<span class="hotspotminingContent_cnt_tit_tim">2017-08-29 15:08</span>
</div>
<div class="hotspotminingContent_cnt_cnt">
<span>补充维生素C的最主要途径就是食用新鲜的蔬菜和蔬果，可为什么狮子老虎狼之类的肉食性动物从来不吃蔬菜水果，却也不会得坏血症呢？</span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/tashuo/browse/content?id=5a65aebd47ece320687643ec&fr=qingtian&lemmaId=380582" target="_blank">...详情</a></div>
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<div class="hotspotminingContent_rel ">
<div class="hotspotminingContent_rel_tit">相关新闻</div>
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</div>
<div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
维生素C,抗坏血酸
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Ascorbic Acid
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">熔&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;点</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
190 - 192℃
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">溶解性</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
333 g/L (20℃)
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E6%97%8B%E5%BA%A6">比旋度</a></dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
+20.5°至+21.5°
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">分子量</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
176.12
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%8F">分子式</a></dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
C6H8O6
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">密&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;度</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
1.954g/cm3
</dd>
</dl></div>
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<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-4">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">组成结构</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">理化性质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">药物功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_1">防治疾病</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">��</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_2">其他功能</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">药物作用</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">饮食摄入</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">吸收代谢</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">服用禁忌</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">摄入标准</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_1">摄入过量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_2">摄入缺乏</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">食物来源</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">10</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10">药物实验</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">11</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11">发展历程</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">12</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12">制备方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">13</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#13">不良反应</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">14</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#14">联用反应</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="组成结构" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>组成结构</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C又称抗坏血酸，是一种含有6个碳原子的酸性多<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA">羟基</a>化合物，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%8F">分子式</a>为C6H8O6，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F">分子量</a>为176.1。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">天然存在的抗坏血酸有L型和D型2种，后者无生物活性。维生素C是呈无色无臭的片状晶体，易溶于水，不溶于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82">有机溶剂</a>。在酸性环境中稳定，遇空气中氧、热、光、碱性物质，特别是由氧化酶及痕量铜、铁等金属离子存在时，可促进其氧化破坏。氧化酶一般在蔬菜中含量较��，故蔬菜储存过程中都有不同程度流失。但在某些果实中含有的生物<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B1%BB%E9%BB%84%E9%85%AE">类黄酮</a>，能保护其稳定性。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="理化性质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>理化性质</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="维生素c图册"  href="/pic/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0c/380582/2917000/9f6e1908a7556a71e9248894?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank"  style="width:222px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:220px;height:149px;">
<img class="picture" alt="维生素c图册" src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=f273a75a0ef41bd5de53eff661db81a0/1f178a82b9014a90796e06cca9773912b31bee6b.jpg" style="width:220px;height:149px;"/>
</div>
<div class="description">
维生素c图册<span class="number">(6张)</span>
</div>
<div class="albumBg">
<div class="albumBgFir" style="width:214px;"></div>
<div class="albumBgSec" style="width:208px;"></div>
</div>
</a>
外观：无色<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93">晶体</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="clear: both;" >沸点：无</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">熔点：190～192℃</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">酸性：维生素C分子结构中的烯二醇基，尤其是C3位OH由于受共轭效应的影响，酸性较强（pK<div class="layoutinline formula" style="width:15px;display: inline;">
<img align="absmiddle" alt="" title="" height="12" width="15" src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D15/sign=291d7d17a1cc7cd9fe2d30dc3801d12c/dcc451da81cb39db334f01acd2160924aa1830b8.jpg"/>
</div> =4.17)；C2位OH由于形成分子内<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE">氢键</a>，酸性极弱（pK<div class="layoutinline formula" style="width:17px;display: inline;">
<img align="absmiddle" alt="" title="" height="12" width="17" src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D17/sign=add6f4260afa513d55aa68d93c6d995b/fcfaaf51f3deb48fb00dc024f21f3a292cf578e7.jpg"/>
</div> =11.75）。故维生素C一般表现为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E9%85%B8">一元酸</a>，可与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%A2%E9%92%A0">碳酸氢钠</a>作用生成钠盐。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF"><b>紫外线</b></a>吸收最大值：245nm</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">荧光<b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1">光谱</a>：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">激发波长：无</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">荧光波长：无</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">英文名称：Vitamin C<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">CAS号<b>：</b>50-81-7</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">EINECS号<b>：</b>200-066-2</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">InChI编码<b>：</b>InChI=1/C6H8O6/c7-1-2⑻5-3⑼4⑽6⑾12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F"><b>分子量</b></a><b>：</b>176.13</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">IUPAC名<b>：</b>2,3,5,6-四羟基-2-己烯酸-4-内酯</div>
<ul class="custom_dot  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">在干燥空气中比较稳定,不纯和许多天然产品,能被空气和光线氧化，其水溶液不稳定，很快氧化成脱氢抗坏血酸，尤其是在中性或碱性溶液中很快被氧化。遇光、 热、铁和铜等金属离子均会加速氧化。能形成稳定的金属盐。为相对强的还原剂，贮存日久色变深，成不同程度的浅黄色。半数致死量(小鼠、静脉)LC50：518mg/kg</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">遇空气和加热都易引起变质，在碱性溶液中易于氧化而失效。在空气条件下。在水溶液中迅速变质，是强还原剂。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">广泛分布于动植物体内。干燥时对空气稳定。水溶液迅速被空气氧化。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
</div>
</li></ul><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="药物功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>药物功能</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="3" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_3_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="防治疾病" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="3-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>防治疾病</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>缓解白癜风</b></div>
<ol class="custom_num  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-num-1-1 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0">黑色素</a>的生成、转移与降解过程中，任何一个环节发生障碍均可影响其代谢，导致皮肤颜色变化。经研究主要有以下几种情况：</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-2 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">酪氨酸</a>—酪氨酸酶反应受到干扰便影响了黑色素的合成。以抗坏血酸（维生素C）为例，如在这一反应中加入抗坏血酸，就会阻止多巴&lt; 进一步氧化为多巴色素，并使已合成的多巴酶被还原为多巴，以致黑色素不能合成。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-3 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">很多白癜风患者就对VC特别敏感，看到某某含有VC就不敢食用，这其实是不必要的！对于VC的食用量，是要适量就行，毕竟它也是人体不可缺失的。</div>
</li></ol><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>降低癌症发病</b></div>
<ol class="custom_num  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-num-1-1 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">全世界专家们的研究清楚地表明，每天吃新鲜<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C">水果</a>，特别是柑桔类水果，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C">胃癌</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A3%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C">食管癌</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94">口腔</a>癌、咽癌及宫颈癌的发病率会大大降低，还有些研究指出含维生素C丰富的水果有助于预防<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C">结肠癌</a>和肺癌。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-2 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD">美国</a>，30年代胃癌在死亡病因中占第一位，但近年来胃癌下降到第七位，研究人员意识到，这种超常的健康趋势并不是归功于任何医疗措施，事实上是由于食物有了冰箱冷藏，加以空运发达，人们能够吃到更新鲜的水果和蔬菜，而吃盐腌或渍的食物相对的减少的缘故。日本北部胃癌发病率始终很高，那里人们喜欢用盐腌渍的食品，喜欢大酱、腌菜和咸鱼。虽有冰箱，但饮食习惯没有改变。另外，伊朗部分地区的胃癌发病率也很高，没有什么其他解释，只是因为人们营养太差，能进的水果与蔬菜很少，维生素C摄入量严重不足。专家们早已证明维生素A与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C">肺癌</a>的密切关系，美国<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF">路易斯</a>安娜州立医学院的研究发现，维生素E和维生素C的水平降低，对肺癌有着更为重要的联系。此外，多项研究分别证实，摄入维生素C不足，与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB">子宫</a>颈癌、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C">直肠癌</a>的多发，均有密切关系。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-3 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C能阻断致癌物<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%93%B5">亚硝酸铵</a>的形成。盐腌、渍和熏制食品含<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90">亚硝酸盐</a>（咸肉、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A6%99%E8%82%A0">香肠</a>之类也一样），亚硝酸盐与胺在胃中结合形成致癌物亚硝酸铵。不少<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90">亚硝酸盐</a>也来自新鲜食物，它们开始是以硝酸盐形式存在，那是植物生长的必需元素，唾液中的细菌使自然硝酸盐变成亚硝酸盐，在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E9%85%B8">胃酸</a>作用下，亚硝酸盐会合成亚硝酸铵。这些情况下不知不觉地在你胃中进行除非你吃了含维生素C的食物。专家们的研究表明：将亚硝酸物与胺放在一起，同时加入维生素C，维生素C能阻断亚硝胺的形成。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-4 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">动物实验显示：小鼠喂以亚硝酸盐和胺后得了肿瘤，而在食物内加入维生素C，显示出肿瘤被抑制。这是因为亚硝酸物首先与维生素C反应，导致没有足够的亚硝酸物与胺结合成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E8%83%BA">亚硝酸胺</a>。在进食的时间时里，维生素C与亚硝酸物反应最佳，因为这时胃的酸度正好发挥维生素C催化剂作用。上述情况同样发生在胃里，蔬菜中虽天然地含有亚硝酸盐，但同时也含有足够的维生素C。因此，你不必为食用蔬菜担心，问题是要注意蔬菜的保存和烹调，尽量减少维生素的损失。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-5 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">临床研究发现，各类晚期癌症注射大剂量维生素C，每天10－30克，能明显地延长患者的生存期。大量摄入维生素C，可以制造大���免疫球蛋白，可以使抗癌的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">淋巴细胞</a>高效率地发挥作用（但大量的维生素C有使吞噬细胞降低吞噬能力的作用）。英国科学家们也观察到，人们白细胞中维生素C的含量与年龄成反比。也就是说，随着年龄的增加，白细胞中维生素C含量呈下降趋势（也许，这也是老年人免疫功能较差、癌症易于在老年人向上发生的因素之一）。若给老年人每天补充维生素C80毫克，9个月之后，其白细胞维生素C含量可恢复到年轻人水平。还有人认为血液中维生素C水平的高低，与老年人的寿命长短成正比例。一美国医生说，他发现血液中维生素C水平高的人寿命长。虽说这类研究还有待于进一步的佐证，但癌症患者体内维生素C的水平无一例外都很低。两者联系起来考察，无疑向我们提示着维生素C不容忽视的作用。此外，专家们认为维生素C还具有良好的抗氧化作用，能抑制某些化学物质氧化为致癌物；能阻断致癌物的活化；英国的研究人员测定补充维生素C(1000毫克，每日4次，为期一周）前后受试者胃液中诱变剂的活力，发现补充后活力降低近半。</div>
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<a name="3_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>其他功能</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>维生素c对植物的作用</b></div>
<ol class="custom_num  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-num-1-1 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C是一种抗氧化剂，能帮助植物抵抗干旱、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7">臭氧</a>和紫外线。维生素C保护植物免受光合作用中有害副作用的侵害。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-2 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C能抗坏血病，故又称抗坏血酸。是广泛存在于新鲜水果蔬菜及许多生物中的一种重要的维生素，作为一种高活性物质，它参与许多新陈代谢过程。近几年来在植物衰老和逆境等自由基伤害理论的研究中，维生素C作为生物体内对自由基伤害产生的相应保护系统成员之一，更引起了人们的研究兴趣。因此对其含量的测定，可作为抗衰老及抗逆境的重要生理指标，同时对鉴别果树品质优劣、选育良种都具有重要意义。</div>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>药物作用</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C为抗体及胶原形成，组织修补（包括某些氧化还原作用），<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">苯丙氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">酪氨酸</a>、叶酸的代谢，铁、碳水化合物的利用，脂肪、蛋白质的合成，维持免疫功能，羟化与羟色胺，保持血管的完整，促进非血红素铁吸收等所必需，同时维生素C还具备有抗氧化，抗自由基，抑制酪氨酸酶的形成，从而达到美白，淡斑的功效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在人体内，维生素C是高效<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82">抗氧化剂</a>，用来减轻抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase）基底的氧化应力（oxidative stress）。 还有许多重要的生物合成过程中也需要维生素C参与作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">由于大多数<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9/62197" data-lemmaid="62197">哺乳动物</a>都能靠<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F">肝脏</a>来合成维生素C，所以并不存在缺乏的问题；但是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB/31910" data-lemmaid="31910">人类</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%81%B5%E9%95%BF%E7%B1%BB">灵长类</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%9F%E6%8B%A8%E9%BC%A0/5187433" data-lemmaid="5187433">土拨鼠</a>等少数动物却不能自身合成，必须通过食物、药物等摄取。</div>
<ol class="custom_num  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-num-1-1 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>参与羟化反应。</b>羟化反应是体内许多重要物质合成或分解的必要步骤，在羟化过程中，必须有维生素C参与。<br/>　　⑴促进胶原合成。维生素C缺乏时，胶原合成障碍，从而导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%8F%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85">坏血病</a>。<br/>　　⑵促进神经递质（<a target=_blank href="/item/5-%E7%BE%9F%E8%89%B2%E8%83%BA">5-羟色胺</a>及去甲肾上腺素）合成。<br/>　　⑶促进类固醇羟化。高胆固醇患者，应补给足量的维生素C。<br/>　　⑷促进<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%89%A9">有机物</a>或毒物羟化解毒。维生素C能提升<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6">混合功能氧化酶</a>的活性，增强药物或毒物的解毒（羟化）过程。</div>
</li><li class="list-num-1-2 list-num-paddingleft-1"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>还原作用。</b>维生素C可以是氧化型，又可以是还原型存在于体内，所以可作为供氢体，又可作为受氢体，在体内氧化还原过程中发挥重要作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑴促进<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">抗体</a>形成。高浓度的维生素C有助于食物蛋白质中的胱氨酸还原为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%8A%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">半胱氨酸</a>，进而合成抗体。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑵促进铁的吸收。维生素C能使难以吸收的三价铁还原为易于吸收的二价铁，从而促进了铁的吸收。此外，还能使亚铁络合酶等的巯基处于活性状态，以便有效地发挥作用，故维生素C是治疗贫血的重要辅助药物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑶促进四氢叶酸形成。维生素C能促进叶酸还原为四氢叶酸后发挥作用，故对巨幼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">红细胞</a>性贫血也有一定疗效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑷维持巯基酶的活性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>其他功能</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑴解毒。体内补充大量的维生素C后，可以缓解铅、汞、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%95%89">镉</a>、砷等<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E">重金属</a>对机体的毒害作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑵预防癌症。许多研究证明维生素C可以阻断致癌物N-亚硝基化合物合成，预防癌症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑶清除<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA">自由基</a>。维生素C可通过逐级供给电子而转变为半脱氧抗坏血酸和脱氢抗坏血酸的过程清除体内超负氧离子（O2-）、羟自由基(OH · )、有机自由基（R · ）和有机过 氧基（ROO · ）等自由基；使生育酚自由基重新还原成生育酚，反应生成的抗坏血酸自由基在一定条件下又可被NADH2的体系酶作用下还原为抗坏血酸。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="3">
[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>饮食摄入</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C的主要食物来源是新鲜蔬菜与水果。蔬菜中，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92/48496" data-lemmaid="48496">辣椒</a>、茼蒿、苦瓜、豆角、菠菜、土豆、韭菜等中含量丰富；水果中，酸枣、鲜枣、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%89%E8%8E%93/32702" data-lemmaid="32702">草莓</a>、柑橘、柠檬等中含量最多；在动物的内脏中也含有少量的维生素C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>每100g食物中VC含量排名(mg)（数据引自《中国食物成分表2012修正版》）</b></div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" class="table-view log-set-param"><tr><td width="24" height="19">1</td><td width="193" height="19">枣（鲜）</td><td width="58" height="19">243</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">2</td><td width="193" height="19">辣椒（红小）</td><td width="58" height="19">144</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">3</td><td width="193" height="19">枣（蜜枣，无核）</td><td width="58" height="19">104</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">4</td><td width="193" height="19">大蒜（脱水）</td><td width="58" height="19">79</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">5</td><td width="193" height="19">萝卜缨（白）</td><td width="58" height="19">77</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">6</td><td width="193" height="19">茎用芥菜（青菜头）</td><td width="58" height="19">76</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">7</td><td width="193" height="19">芥菜（大叶芥菜）</td><td width="58" height="19">72</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">8</td><td width="193" height="19">青椒（灯笼椒，柿子椒，大椒）</td><td width="58" height="19">72</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">9</td><td width="193" height="19">番石榴（鸡矢果，番桃）</td><td width="58" height="19">68</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">10</td><td width="193" height="19">油菜苔</td><td width="58" height="19">65</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">11</td><td width="193" height="19">猕猴桃（中华猕猴桃，羊桃）</td><td width="58" height="19">62</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">12</td><td width="193" height="19">辣椒（尖，青）</td><td width="58" height="19">62</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">13</td><td width="193" height="19">菜花（花椰菜）</td><td width="58" height="19">61</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">14</td><td width="193" height="19">红菜薹</td><td width="58" height="19">57</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">15</td><td width="193" height="19">汤菜</td><td width="58" height="19">57</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">16</td><td width="193" height="19">苦瓜（凉瓜，赖葡萄）</td><td width="58" height="19">56</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">17</td><td width="193" height="19">菜节（油菜苔，油菜心）</td><td width="58" height="19">54</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">18</td><td width="193" height="19">红果（山里红，大山楂）</td><td width="58" height="19">53</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">19</td><td width="193" height="19">西洋菜（豆瓣菜，水田芥）</td><td width="58" height="19">52</td></tr><tr><td width="24" height="19">20</td><td width="193" height="19">芥蓝（甘蓝菜）</td><td width="58" height="19">51</td></tr></table><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="吸收代谢" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>吸收代谢</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="6" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>维生素C的吸收</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:127px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0c/380582/0/7787b9eff73da20cfdfa3ce5?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="维生素C结构式" style="width:127px;height:91px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=5245c93e6b600c33f479d9ca2a4c5134/4a36acaf2edda3cc45ffb20a01e93901213f9284.jpg"  alt="维生素C结构式" style="width:127px;height:91px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
维生素C结构式
<sup>[4]</sup>
<a name="ref_[4]_"></a>
</span>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">吃入的维生素C通常在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E8%82%A0">小肠</a>上方（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%82%A0/727923" data-lemmaid="727923">十二指肠</a>和空肠上部）被吸收，而仅有少量被胃吸收，同时口中的黏膜也吸收少许。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">从小肠上方被吸收的维生素C，经由门静脉、肝静脉输送至血液中，并转移至身体各部分的组织。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">当人吃入维生素C之后，脑下垂体、肾脏的维生素C浓度最高，其次是眼球、脑、肝脏、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%BE%E8%84%8F">脾脏</a>等部位。当体内维生素C总储存量小于300毫克时，就有发生坏血病的危险，人体最大的储存量为2000毫克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">小肠的吸收率视维生素C的摄取量不同而有差异。当摄取量在30-60mg时，吸收率可达100%；摄取量为90mg时，吸收率降为80%左右，摄入量为1500mg时降为49%，摄取量为3000mg���降为36%，摄取量12000mg时降为16%。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">吸收率除了受到摄取量影响外，也会受到发烧、压力、长期注射抗菌素生素或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">皮质激素</a>等影响而降低。也因饭后和空腹而有所不同，因个人摄取的差异也有不同。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">根据吸收率的大小，维生素C较有效的摄取，以一日三次、餐后马上摄取为佳，而且这样也可预防因高剂量的维生素C所带来的副作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">胃肠道吸收，主要在空肠。蛋白结合率低。以腺体组织、白细胞、肝、眼球晶体中含量较高。人体摄入维生素C每日推荐需要量时，体内约贮存1500mg，如每日摄入200mg维生素C时，体内贮量约2500mg。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>维生素C的代谢</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C在体内的代谢过程及转换方式，仍无定论，但可以确定维生素C最后的代谢物是由尿液排出。如果尿中的维生素C的浓度过高时，可让尿液中酸碱度降低，防止细菌孳生，所以有避免<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E9%81%93%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93">尿道感染</a>的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">草酸是维生素C的其中一个代谢产���，它的排出量因人而异，平均一天有16-64MG的草酸由尿中排出。一般人担心 过多的草酸会造成结石，其实身体中草酸的含量，除一部分由维生素C代谢而来外，其余大部分是直接从食物中摄取，或是由氨基酸类食物代谢所产生。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">由实验得知，即便是摄取高量的维生素C，尿中草酸量并不会因此而增加，因此无须担心维生素C带来结石的问题。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C经由肾脏排泄，所以肾脏具有调节维生素C排泄率的功能。当组织中维生素C达饱和量时，排泄量会增多；当组织含量不足时，排泄量则减少。肝内代谢，极少量以原形或代谢产物经肾排泄。当血浆浓度大于14μg/ml时，尿内排出量增多。可经血液<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%8F%E6%9E%90">透析</a>清除。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>注意事项</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">加热、光照、光照、长时间储存都会造成维生素的流失和分解。寄生虫、服用矿物油、过量的膳食纤维等会妨碍维生素的吸收。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="服用禁忌" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>服用禁忌</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="7" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C以空腹服用为宜，但要注意患有消化道溃疡的病人最好慎用，以免对溃疡面产生刺激，导致溃疡恶化、出血或穿孔。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD">肾功能</a>较差的人不宜多服维生素C。若长期超剂量服用维生素C有可能引起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E9%85%B8%E8%BF%87%E5%A4%9A">胃酸过多</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E6%B6%B2%E5%8F%8D%E6%B5%81">胃液反流</a>，甚至导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%93%E7%9F%B3">泌尿系统结石</a>。尤其是肾亏的人更应少服维生素C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●大量服用维生素C后不可突然停药，如果突然停药会引起药物的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%92%E6%96%AD%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">戒断反应</a>，使症状加重或复发，应逐渐减量直至完全停药。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C不宜与异烟肼、氨茶碱、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%BE%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0">链霉素</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0">青霉素</a>及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%BA%E8%83%BA">磺胺</a>类药物合用；否则，会使上述药物因酸性环境而疗效降低或失效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C对维生素A有破坏作用。尤其是大量服用维生素c以后，会促进体内维生素A和叶酸的排泄，所以，在大量服用维生素C的同时，一定要注意维生素A和叶酸的服用量要充足。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C与阿司匹林肠溶片合用会加速其排泄而降低疗效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●服用维生素C的同时，不要服用人参。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C与叶酸合用也会减弱各自的作用。若治疗贫血必须使用时，可间断使用，不能同时服用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●乱服药物会损失体内维生素C。如果未经医生允许，乱服药物，除会损害健康外，还会造成体内维生素C的流失。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C片剂应避光在阴凉处保存，以防止变质失效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●维生素C不能与虾，螃蟹等甲壳类的海鲜一起大量服用，会产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E7%A0%B7">三氧化二砷</a>（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A0%92%E9%9C%9C">砒霜</a>），以至中毒。（此条为网上流言，其“大量”意为需在24小时内同时服用约50斤富含维生素C的水果以及200斤左右的海鲜）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">●服用维生素C忌食动物肝脏。维生素C易氧化，如遇铜<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90">离子</a>，可加速氧化速度，动物肝脏含铜量很高，如在服用维生素c期间食用动物肝脏，维生素c就会迅速氧化而失去生物功能。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="5">
[5]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[5]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<ol class="custom_num  para-list list-paddingleft-1"></ol><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="摄入标准" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>摄入标准</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="8" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_8_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="摄入过量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>摄入过量</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C在体内分解代谢最终的重要产物是草酸，长期服用可出现草酸尿以致形成泌尿道结石。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="6">
[6]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[6]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
<a name="ref_6"></a><a name="ref_6"></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">过量服用可引起不良反应：每日服1～4g，可引起腹泻、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E7%96%B9">皮疹</a>、胃酸增多、胃液反流，有时尚可见泌尿系结石、尿内草酸盐与尿酸盐排出增多、深静脉血栓形成、血管内溶血或凝血等，有时可导致白细胞吞噬能力降低。每日用量超过5g时，可导致溶血，重者可致命。孕妇服用大剂量时，可能产生婴儿坏血病。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_8_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="摄入缺乏" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>摄入缺乏</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">抗坏血酸缺乏，丧失了它最重要的功能，即羟脯氨酸和赖氨酸的羟基化过程不能顺利进行，胶原蛋白合成受阻，引起坏血病的发生。早期表现为疲劳、倦怠，牙龈肿胀、出血、伤口愈合缓慢等，严重时可出现内脏出血而危及生命。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="6">
[6]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[6]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
<a name="ref_6"></a><a name="ref_6"></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">长期维生素C缺乏引起的营养缺乏病称坏血病（scurvy），临床上典型的表现为牙龈肿胀、出血，皮肤淤点、淤斑，以及全身广泛出血为特征。早在16世纪前后，已观察到这种缺乏病的流行。大规模的维生素C缺乏病已少见，但在婴幼儿和老年人中仍有发生。成年人中坏血病较少见，但限制饮食或长期又不吃果蔬者，常会导致维生素C缺乏病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1．摄入不足</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">食物中缺乏新鲜蔬菜、水果，或在食物加工过程中处理不当使维生素C破坏等情况导致维生素C供应不足；乳母膳食长期缺乏维生素C，或以牛乳或单纯谷类食物长期人工喂养，而未添加富含维生素C辅食的婴儿，也容易发生维生素C缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2．需要量增加</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">新陈代谢率增高时，维生素C的需要量增加。婴儿和早产儿生长发育快，需要量增加；感染等慢性消耗性疾病、严重创伤等维生素C需要量增加，若食物所供应的维生素C不能满足机体的特殊需求，则可导致维生素C缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3．吸收障碍</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">慢性消化功能紊乱，长期腹泻等可致吸收减少。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>4．药物影晌</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">某些药物对维生素C的代谢有一定的影响，如雌激素、肾上腺皮质激素、四环素、降钙素、阿司匹林等可影响机体维生素C的代谢，从而导致维生素C缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">另外，酗酒、偏食者也容易发生维生素C缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人体虽不能合成维生素C，但机体摄取外源性维生素C后，在体内能保持一定量的储存，故即使完全缺乏维生素C供应，亦需经历一段时间才出现维生素C缺乏的症状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><b>1</b><b><b>．</b></b>一般症状</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">起病缓慢，维生素C缺乏约需3～4个月方出现症状。早期无特异性症状，病人常有面色苍白、倦怠无力、食欲减退、抑郁等表现。儿童表现易激惹、体重不增，可伴低热、呕吐、腹泻等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2<b><b>．</b></b>出血症状</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">皮肤淤点为其较突出的表现，病人皮肤在受轻微挤压时可出现散在出血点，皮肤受碰撞或受压后容易出现紫癜和淤斑。随着病情进展，病人可有毛囊周围角化和出血，毛发根部卷曲、变脆。齿龈常肿胀出血，容易引起继发感染，牙齿可因齿槽坏死而松动、脱落。亦可有鼻出血、眼眶骨膜下出血引起眼球突出。偶见消化道出血、血尿、关节腔内出血、甚至颅内出血。病人可因此突然发生抽搐、休克，以至死亡。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3<b><b>．</b></b>贫血</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">由于长期出血，另外，维生素C不足可影响铁的吸收，患者晚期常伴有贫血，面色苍白。贫血常为中度，一般为血红蛋白正常的细胞性贫血，在一系列病例中亦可有1/5病人为巨幼红细胞性贫血。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><b><b>4．</b></b>骨骼症状</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">长骨骨膜下出血或骨干骺端脱位可引起患肢疼痛，导致假性瘫痪。在婴儿早期症状之一是四肢疼痛呈蛙状体位（piched frog position），对其四肢的任何移动都会使其疼痛以致哭闹，主要是由于关节囊充满血性的渗出物，故四肢只能处于屈曲状态而不能伸直。患肢沿长骨干肿胀、压痛明显。少数患儿在肋骨、软骨交界处因骨干骺半脱位可隆起，排列如串珠，称“坏血病串珠”，可出现尖锐突起，内侧可扪及凹陷，因而与佝偻病肋骨串珠不同，后者呈钝圆形，内侧无凹陷。因肋骨移动时致疼痛，患儿可出现呼吸浅快。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><b><b>5．</b></b>其他症状</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">病人可因水潴留而出现水肿，亦可有黄疸、发热等表现。有些病人泪腺、唾液腺、汗腺等分泌功能减退甚至丧失，而出现与干燥综合征相似的症状。由于胶原合成障碍，伤口愈合不良。免疫功能受影响，容易引起感染。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>临床症状</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">根据病人的饮食情况、典型的临床表现，特别是具有特征性的皮肤出血病变，一般可作出诊断。儿童多见于6个月至2岁的婴幼儿，若孕妇维生素C缺乏，则新生儿出生后即出现症状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C缺乏需达严重程度时才出现典型临床症状，临床上一般较为少见，因此实验室检查对于了解机体维生素C储存状态及其缺乏的早期诊断有参考价��。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1．毛细血管脆性实验（CFT，又称束臂实验）</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C缺乏，导致胶原蛋白合成障碍，毛细血管壁完整性受到破坏，其脆性和通透性增加，在对静脉血流施加一定压力时，毛细血管即可破裂而发生出血点，出血点数目可反应毛细血管受损的程度。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2．血浆及白细胞中维生素C含量测定</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">血浆和白细胞中维生素C浓度测定为目前评估机体维生素C营养状况最实用和可靠的指标。血浆维生素C水平只能反映维生素C的摄入情况，白细胞中维生素C水平反应机体内维生素C的储存水平。血浆维生素C≤11.4μmol/L（≤2.0mg/L）为缺乏；白细胞中的维生素C &lt;2μg/10细胞为缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3．维生素C负荷实验</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C主要经尿液排出，口服维生素C负荷实验可反映机体维生素C营养水平。受试者口服维生素C500mg，收集随后4小时尿作总维生素C测定，如排出量大于l0mg，为正常，如排出量小于3mg，表示缺乏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>4．治疗试验</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">坏血病用维生���C治疗有特效，可用以协助诊断。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="7">
[7]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[7]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>易缺乏人群</b></div>
<ul class="custom_dot  para-list list-paddingleft-1"><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">特殊人群，如孕妇，乳母，婴幼儿，老年人。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">从事特殊作业人群，如重体力劳动、部队人员、运动员、航空航天、潜水航海、接触有毒物、放射物工作、矿工等。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">食物缺乏新鲜果蔬，偏食挑食者。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">慢性疾病，严重外伤患者。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">消化功能紊乱，长期腹泻者。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">生活不规律，或压力过大，抽烟酗酒等。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">长期服用某些特定药物、如雌激素、肾上腺皮质激素、四环素、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%99%8D%E9%92%99%E7%B4%A0">降钙素</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E6%9E%97/15777" data-lemmaid="15777">阿司匹林</a>、矿物油等人群。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="8">
[8]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[8]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C使用范围越来越广，用量越来越大；过量滥用可能将维生素C的功变成过，如体内代谢过程中生成大量草酸，在肾脏易形成草酸盐结石。每日摄入上限为1000mg/d。<br/>　　<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="2">
[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">根据中国营养学会建议的膳食参考摄入量(RNI)</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">成人及孕早期妇女维生素C的推荐摄入量为100mg/d</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">中、晚期孕妇及乳母维生素C的推荐摄入量为130mg/d。</div>
</li><li class="list-dot list-dot-paddingleft"><div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C的可耐受最高摄入量(UL)为1000mg/d<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="9">
[9]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[9]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<a name="食物来源" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>食物来源</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">食物中的维生素C主要存在于新鲜的蔬菜、水果中，人体不能合成。水果中新枣、酸枣、橘子、山楂、柠檬、猕猴桃、沙棘和刺梨含有丰富的维生素C；蔬菜中绿叶蔬菜、青椒、番茄、大白菜等含量较高。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="6">
[6]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[6]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<a name="药物实验" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>药物实验</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">方法名称</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C测定—氧化还原滴定法</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">应用范围</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">该方法采用滴定法测定维生素C的含量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">该方法适用于维生素C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">方法原理</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">供试品加新沸过的冷水与稀<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%86%8B%E9%85%B8">醋酸</a>使溶解，加淀粉指示液，以直接碘法滴定，计算维生素C的含量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">试剂</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、水（新沸放置至室温）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．碘滴定液（0.05 mol/L）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．淀粉指示液</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%B0%E9%86%8B%E9%85%B8">冰醋酸</a>溶液</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">仪器设备：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、碘滴定液（0.05 mol/L）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">配制：取碘13.0g，加碘化钾36g与水50mL溶解后，加<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8">盐酸</a>3滴与水适量使成1000mL，摇匀，用垂熔玻璃滤器滤过。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">标定：取在105℃干燥恒重的基准<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E7%A0%B7">三氧化二砷</a>约0.15g，精密称定，加氢氧化钠滴定液(1 mol/L）10mL，微热使溶解，加水20mL与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E6%A9%99">甲基橙</a>指示液1滴，加硫酸滴定液50mL与淀粉指示液2mL，用本液滴定至溶液显浅蓝紫色。每1mL碘（0.1mol/L）相当于4.946g的五氧化二砷。根据本液的消耗量与三氧化二砷的取用量，算出本液的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6">浓度</a>，即得。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">贮藏：置玻璃塞的棕色玻璃瓶中，密闭，在凉处保存。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．淀粉指示液</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">取可溶性淀粉0.5g，加水5mL搅匀后，缓缓倾入100mL沸水中，随加随搅拌，继续煮沸2分钟，放冷，倾出上清液，即得。本液应临用新制。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">操作步骤</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">取该品0.2g，精密称定，加新沸过的冷水100mL与稀醋酸溶液10mL使溶解，加淀粉指示液1mL，立即用碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）滴定，至溶液显蓝色并在30秒内不褪，并将滴定结果用空白试验校正。记录消耗碘滴定液的体积数（mL），每1mL碘滴定��（0.05mol/L）相当于8.806mg的C6H8O6。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">注1：“精密称取”系指称取重量应准确至所称取重量的千分之一，“精密量取”系指量取体积的准确度应符合国家标准中对该体积移液管的精度要求。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="10">
[10]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[10]_19636">&nbsp;</a>
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<a name="发展历程" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>发展历程</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%8F%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85">坏血病</a>，是几百年前人类就知道的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85">疾病</a>，但是由于以前人类对它发生的原因不了解，当时被称作不治之症，且死亡率很高。一直到1911年，人类才确定它是因为缺乏维生素C而产生的。在18世纪，坏血病在远洋航行的水手中非常普遍（他们远离陆地，缺乏新鲜水果和蔬菜）；也流行在长期困战的陆军士兵中、长���缺乏食物的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA">社区</a>、被围困的城市、监狱犯人和劳工营中。例如140年前加州的淘金工人和90年前<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0">阿拉斯加</a>的淘金工人都有大批的坏血病病例。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">坏血病开始的时候症状是四肢无力，精神消退，烦躁不安，做任何工作都易疲惫，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4">皮肤</a>易红肿。病人会觉得<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89">肌肉</a>疼痛，精神抑郁。然后他的脸部肿胀，牙龈出血，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%99%E9%BD%BF">牙齿</a>脱落，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%A3%E8%87%AD">口臭</a>。皮肤下大片出血（看来像是严重的打伤）。最后是严重疲惫﹑<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E6%B3%BB">腹泻</a>呼吸困难，骨折，肝<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD">肾衰竭</a>而致死亡。早年航海人员因坏血病死亡的灾难不可枚举，因为他们在航行时的食物是面饼、鱼和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%92%B8%E8%82%89">咸肉</a>，只含有很少的维生素C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1497年7月9日到1498年5月30日，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99">葡萄牙</a>航海家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC">达伽马</a>（Vasco da Gama）发现绕过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2">非洲</a>到达<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6">印度</a>的航线，他的160个船员中，有100多人死于坏血病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1519年，葡萄牙航海家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E4%BC%A6">麦哲伦</a>率领的远洋船队从<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2">南美洲</a>东岸向<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B">太平洋</a>进发。三个月后，有的船员牙床破裂了，有的船员<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%81%E9%BC%BB%E8%A1%80">流鼻血</a>，有的船员浑身无力。待船到达目的地时，原来的200多人，活下来的只有35人。但是人们对此找不出原因。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1536年<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD">法国</a>探险家Jacques Cartier在发现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3">圣劳伦斯河</a>之后，溯流而上抵达<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B">魁北克</a>过冬。探险队中24人死于坏血病，其它多人也都病重。有一位<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA">印第安人</a>教他们饮用一种arbor vitae（Thuja occidentalis）树叶泡的茶，就治好了这些人。后来发现这种树的叶子里每100克含有50毫克的维生素C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99">西班牙</a>征服<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5">墨西哥</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF">荷南·科尔蒂斯</a>将军，在1536年占领下加州Baja California后，因为水手多数患坏血病而回师，以致没有继续侵占<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E">加州</a>本部。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1577年一艘西班牙大帆船漂流在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BE%E8%97%BB%E6%B5%B7">马尾藻海</a>海面上，发现时所有的船员都死于坏血病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">相对于在15世纪中国明朝的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C">郑和</a>多次率领下西洋的事迹记载，并无发现有大量船员因长期航行而染上坏血病而死，这与当时郑和船队带备蔬菜和水果有关，亦可见蔬菜和水果内的物质（后来发现是维生素C）对防治��血病有很大的帮助。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1734年，在开往<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0">格陵兰</a>的海船上，有一个船员得了严重的坏血病，当时这种病无法医治，其它船员只好把他抛弃在一个荒岛上。待他苏醒过来，用野草充饥，几天后他的坏血病竟不治而愈了。诸如此类的坏血病，曾夺去了几十万水手的生命。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1740年冬，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD">英国</a>海军上将George Anson率领961水手乘6艘船远征。1741年6月抵达JuanFernandez岛时只剩下335人，半数以上的船员死于坏血病。当时海军上将JohnHawkins发现长期航海时海员发生坏血病的机会和只吃干粮的时间成正比例。如果他们能够吃到新鲜食物，包柑橘类水果，就会迅速复原。因为新鲜的蔬菜水果是在船上最难保存的食物，所以英国海军致力研究发展其代用品。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">英国海军医官<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7">詹姆斯·林德</a>在船上做了这个很著名的实验，12个严重的坏血病海员，大家都吃完全相同的食物，唯一不同的药物是当时传说可以治疗坏血病的药方。两个病人每天吃两个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A9%98%E5%AD%90">橘子</a>和一个柠檬，另两人喝苹果汁，其它人是喝<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A8%80%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8">稀硫酸</a>，酸醋，海水，或是一些其它当时人认为可治坏血病的药物。6天之后，只有吃新鲜柑橘水果的两人好转，其它人病情依然。Lind继续研究，1753年出版了《坏血病大全》（A Treatise on Scurvy）一书。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">英国的著名探险家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B%E8%88%B9%E9%95%BF">库克船长</a>最为人称道的是他控制了可怕的坏血病。他在1768年到1780年间三次远航太平洋，他的船员有些生病，但是没有一人丧生于坏血病。而他同时许多其它探险船队中，坏血病依然猖獗。库克防治坏血病的贡献，使得伦敦皇家学会选他为会员，并授予他Coply奖章。每次航行靠岸时，库克都命令船员上岸购买水果蔬菜及绿色植物来补充营养。有一次他在旗舰Endeavour上带了7860磅的德国酸白菜Saukerkraut，船上70人一年航程中每人每周有两磅的供给。酸白菜含有丰富的维生素C，每100克含有50毫克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">虽然在Hawkins上将之后有经验的航海家都知道用柠檬汁代替柑橘类水果，可以防治坏血病，但是柠檬汁价格昂贵，贮藏不易，船长和船公司都觉得宁信其无，可以不用就不用。对柠檬汁的效果，公众也是存疑，在医学界也是争议不断。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1795年Lind去世，Lind人微言轻，他的实验结果也湮没无闻。但是另一位英国<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F">医生</a>GilbertBlane相信Lind的结果，1795年Blane因为是英王御医而被任命为英国海军医疗委员会委员，由于他的努力，英国海军部才通令每个海军官兵每天都必须饮用3/4盎斯柠檬汁。1796年英国海军中坏血病病例大幅降低。英国海军战力倍增，在1797年击败西班牙舰队，缔造了大英<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD">日不落帝国</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">虽然英国海军部采用了柠檬汁，商业部却自行其是，因而坏血病在英国商船上仍然猖獗不止。70年之后，英国商业部在1865年才规定商船上的海员也必须每天服用柠檬汁。但那时还不知柠檬中的什么物质对坏血病有抵抗作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1907年Axel Holst 和TheodorFrolich发表使用天竺鼠做坏血病实验的论文。他们观察到老鼠和其它的动物都不会生坏血病，只有天竺鼠和人类相似，在禁绝新鲜蔬果后会产生坏血病。这是为什么现代的医药研究一定要用天竺鼠做实验，所得的结果才能<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8E%A8%E5%BC%95">推引</a>到人类的疾病上。我们知道天竺鼠和灵长类（包括人类）都不能自己制造维他命C，其它的动物都能在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F">肝脏</a>或肾脏中制造维他命C。人类大多数的疾病，都很少见于其它动物。动物受伤和疾病之后都可以很快地自行复原，只有人类因为不能自行生产维他命C而需要医生的专业服务。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1912年，波兰裔美国科学家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E5%85%8B">卡西米尔·冯克</a>，综合了以往的试验结果，发表了维生素的理论。他认定自然食物中有四种物质可以防治<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9C%E7%9B%B2%E7%97%87">夜盲症</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%9A%E6%B0%94%E7%97%85">脚气病</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9D%8F%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85">坏血病</a>，和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%9D%E5%81%BB%E7%97%85">佝偻病</a>。这些物质被丰克称为 “维持生命的胺素（Vitamine）”，因为拉丁文中的vita意思是生命。冯克以为这些物质都含有氮或胺基，所以加上胺素Amine的结尾。后来发现有些物质并不含氮，所以改称为Vitamin，中文称为维生素或维他命，四种物质分别被称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0A">维生素A</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B">维生素B</a>，维生素C和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D">维生素D</a>。中文分别称为维生素甲，维生素乙，维生素丙，和维生素丁。后来发现的就依英文字母顺序一直排到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0K">维生素K</a>。维生素B里面又发现有许多不同成份，就有了维生素B1、B2、B3、B6及B12等名称。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1920-1930年代，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6">有机化学</a>家群起研究<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD">维他命</a>，试探在食物中分析维他命并确定它们的化学成份。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1928年匈牙利生化学家Albert Szent-Gyorgyi在英国化学家Frederick GowlandHopkins的实验室中成功地从牛的副肾腺中分离出1克纯粹的维他命C。他也因为维生素C和人体内<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">氧化反应</a>的研究获得1932年的诺贝尔医学奖。1928年他发表论文，确定维生素C的化学分子式是C6H8O6，所以称之为Hexuronic acid。1929年他到美国Rochester，Minnesota的Mayo医院做研究，附近的屠宰场免费供给他大量的牛副肾，他从中分离出25克的维他命C。他将一半提炼出纯粹的维他命C送给英国的醣类化学家Walter H. Haworth进行分析工作。可是那时技术尚不成熟，Haworth没有能确定维他命C的结构。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1930年Szent-Gyorgyi回到匈牙利，发现匈牙利的辣椒中含有大量的维他命C。他成功地从中分离出1公斤纯粹的Hexuronicacid，并再送一批给Haworth继续分析。1932年美国匹兹堡的化学家Charles King从Szent-Gyorgyi的学生JoeSvirbely知道他鉴定Hexuronicacid就是维他命C，就抢先在Nature杂志上发表这个结果。但是1937年的诺贝尔医学奖还是颁给Szent-Gyorgyi，因为他对维他命C和人体内氧化反应的研究。Haworth决定了维他命C的正确化学构造。并且用不同的方法制造出维他命C，而获得了1937年的诺贝尔化学奖。Szent-Gyorgyi和Haworth最后决定将维他命C命名为抗坏血酸ascorbic acid。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1933年<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB">瑞士</a>化学家Tadeus Reichstein发明了维生素C的工业生产法。此法是先将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96">葡萄糖</a>还原成为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A2%A8%E9%86%87">山梨醇</a>，经过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C">细菌</a>发酵成为山梨糖，山梨糖加<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE">丙酮</a>制成二丙酮山梨糖（Di-acetone sorbose），然后再用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AF">氯</a>及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0">氢氧化钠</a>氧化成为二丙酮古洛酸DAKS（Di-acetone-ketogulonicacid）。DAKS溶解在混合的有机溶液中，经过酸的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82">催化剂</a>重组成为维生素C。这个方法的专利权在1934年被罗氏公司购得，成为50余年来工业生产维生素C的主要方法。罗氏公司也因此独占了维生素C的市场。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1948年美国东部流行<a target=_blank href="/item/S">S</a>ARS（旧称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E">非典型性肺炎</a>），1949年全世界流行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E5%84%BF%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%B9%E7%97%87">小儿麻痹症</a>，各国各地医师束手无策，只能隔离病人，防止传染。美国南卡洛林纳州的Fred R. Klenner医师用静脉注射维生素C治愈了许多这两种病人。Klenner发现静脉注射维生素C可以治疗所有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93">病毒感染</a>的疾病，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E">肝炎</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E">脑炎</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92">流行性感冒</a>以及许多其它急性和慢性的病症。他的经验和许多其它使用维生素治病的报告都被医药界忽略。医药界追求的是高利润的专利药物及疫苗，没有专利权的维生素都受到排斥和压制。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1959年美国生化学家J. J. Burns发现人类和灵长类动物会得坏血病，是因为他们的肝脏中缺乏一种酶L-gulonolactoneoxidase，它是将葡萄糖转化为维生素C的四种必要酶之一。因此人必须从食物中摄取维生素C，才能维持健康。其它的哺乳动物都在肝脏中自行制造维生素C，两栖动物及鱼类则在肾脏中制造维生素C。许多人类特有的疾病，如伤风，感冒，流行性感冒，肝炎，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85">心脏病</a>及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87">癌症</a>，在动物中都少见，这些疾病都是因为人体不能自行制造维生素而产生的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1980年在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2">中国科学院</a>北京微生物研究所的研究员尹光琳发明“维生素C二步发酵新工艺”，大幅改进了Reichstein的一步<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>，减低维生素C的生产成本。此法先将葡萄糖还原成为山梨醇，经过第一次细菌发酵成为山梨糖，再经过第二次细菌发酵转化为KGA(2-keto-gulonicacid），最后异化成为维生素C。这项专利的国际使用权于1985年出售给瑞士罗氏公司，是当时中国对外技术转让中最大的项目。罗氏得到了专利但是并不使用，仍然沿用旧有的Reichstein的一步<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>。它的目的是要防止其它外国公司使用新法与其竞争。这项专利在中国的国内使用权并没有卖断给罗氏公司，到了1990初期中国国内成立了26家药厂用二步<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>生产维生素 C。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1981年凯斯卡特RobertCathcart医师发现用腹泻测定人体的维生素C饱和量的方法。口服过量维生素C会产生腹泻。腹泻显示人体所有器官的维生素C到达饱和。正常的人维生素C饱和量是每天4-15克。有病的人维生素C饱和量大幅增加，病情越严重，维生素C饱和量越高，甚至可以高到每天200克。每天口服略低于饱和量的维生素C，是治疗各种感染疾病的验方。凯斯卡特医师用饱和量维生素C的方法，成功治愈7000综感冒、流行性感冒、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E">非典型肺炎</a>、急性单核��球病（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%98%8F%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%87">昏睡症</a>Acute Mononucleosis）、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E">急性肝炎</a>、干草热、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E5%96%98%E7%97%85">气喘病</a>、外伤Trauma、手术创伤、烧伤、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%8C%E7%97%9B">背痛</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B3%E8%8A%82%E7%82%8E">关节炎</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8C%A9%E7%BA%A2%E7%83%AD">猩红热</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%A1%E7%96%B9">泡疹</a>、带状泡疹等症。这个方法解决了60年来使用维生素C治病的争议，就是维生素C治病的剂量问题。以前许多实验显示维生素C无效，是因为剂量没有达到维生素C饱和量的原故。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1990年代大众也体认到西方医药的限制和缺陷，而寻求另类医药（Alternative Medicine）。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB">中医</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF">中药</a>、传统草药、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%88%E7%81%B8">针灸</a>、喻咖等渐渐流行，各种维生素销量也都大幅增加。国际几家大维生素生产商为了长期垄断维生素市场，获得高额利润，曾违反市场竞争规则，达成秘密的价格联盟，划分市场范围，以期控制市场价格。维生素C的三大药厂瑞士的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%97%E6%B0%8F%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8">罗氏公司</a>，德国的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%AB">巴斯夫</a>和日本的武田制药形成维生素C垄断集团，维生素C���格从1973年的4美元每千克提高到1994年的18美元每千克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在维生素C的国际高价的引诱之下，中国的许多药厂纷纷采用二步<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>试图打入国际市场。1996年国际维生素C垄断集团就为打击中国药厂开始降价竞争，每个月降价10%。到1997年时维生素C价格跌到4美元每千克，迫使中国的26家维生素C药厂关闭了22家，只剩下四巨头东北制药、石药维生药业、华药维尔康药业和江苏江山药业苦撑。到2002年，价格跌到谷底2.3美元。有趣的事是国际维生素C垄断集团自食恶果，不堪亏损而全部倒闭或解体，武田制药的维生素C厂卖给巴斯夫并且停产，罗氏公司的维生素C厂卖给荷兰的DSM。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1992年MathiasRath医师和鲍林发表《根绝心脏病宣言》（Call to Abolish HeartDiseases），宣称维生素C可以治疗心脏和血管的各种病症。他们并且推广治疗心脏病的鲍林药方（PaulingRecipe），其中的成分是维生素C与两种氨基酸赖氨酸和脯氨酸。他们认为这三种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9">化合物</a>同服可以防止及清除冠状动脉的阻塞。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1994年十月，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD">美国</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF">克林顿</a>总统签署《膳食补充剂健康教育法》（DietarySupplement Health and Education Act,DSHEA）明定民众有权利贩卖和选用各种营养添加剂，政府不得禁止或干涉。此法案的起因是美国的医药集团及美国食品药物管理局游说国会，促请通过法令将维生素等营养剂划归为需要医师处方的药品。一旦维生素成为处方药，民众不准随意购买，药厂就可以提高价格，增加利润。但是消息传出后举国哗然，国会为民意所驱，反而无异议通过DSHEA法案，保障民众服用营养剂的权利。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">医药集团在美国的挫败促使他们改弦更张，试图在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD">联合国</a>的营养管理委员会Codex Alimentarius架构下控制维生素药物的销售管道。营养管理委员会是德国药厂控制下的组织，从1996年就设法通过将维生素等营养剂划归为需要医师处方药品的议案。此议案如果通过，世界各国（包括美国）都必须遵守，否则会遭受<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">世界贸易组织</a>的制裁。Rath医师每年趁Codex Alimentarius在德国开会期间，都号召群众在会场前游行示威，反对此议案���致使此案迄今仍未能通过。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1999年5月，美国司法部的反托拉斯小组控诉获胜，令当时世界最有实力的维生素厂商自食苦果，为他们的价格操纵行为支付了9.9亿美元的罚金。由于世界上最大的9家维生素生产企业操纵维生素C的销售价格，涉案金额高达50亿美元，不但增加了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%AF%E4%B9%90">可口可乐</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%9D%E6%B4%81">宝洁</a>等大用户的生产成本，而且严重损害了消费者的利益。美国司法部指控瑞士罗氏公司是价格卡特尔的始作俑者，对其罚款5亿美元，德国BASF被罚2.25亿美元，其它被罚款者分别是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6">比利时</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD">德国</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD">法国</a>和日本的维生素生产企业。罗氏公司最高级主管承认罪行并进入美国监狱服刑。2001年11月，欧盟也对上述维生素制造商处以高达8.55亿欧元的罚款，其中罗氏公司为4.62亿欧元，BASF为2.96亿欧元。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2000年全球维生素C的产量为8万吨，2001年猛增到10万吨，而这两年国际市场的需求量也就在8.5万吨左右徘徊，突出的供需矛盾是2001年国���维生素C原料市场竞争最激烈的根本原因，期间维生素C原料每公斤的市场价最低曾降到每公斤2.3美元。2002年初，随着国际两大巨头罗氏公司以及德国巴斯夫的战略调整，罗氏公司将维生素C业务出售给<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0">荷兰</a>的DSM，巴斯夫收购日本武田的维生素C生产线并停止生产。国外企业的产量减少，中国出口的维生素C占了世界市场的80%。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2001年中国政府维他命C为协调低价无序竞争局面，在中国医药保健品进出口商会的牵头下，包括四巨头在内的国内维他命C企业召开了一次行业会议，讨论发展问题，以及协商各自的出口量，并且后来形成了每年的例会。2002 年5 月1日开始，维他命C被列为海关审价、商会预核签章的管制出口商品。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2002年的严重<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87">急性呼吸系统综合症</a>（<a target=_blank href="/item/SARS">SARS</a>）危机时，赖斯Rath医师在香港和新加坡刊登巨幅广告，忠告华人大众非典不是绝症，是可以用维生素C治疗的。非典的阴霾引起亚洲的维生素C抢购风潮，维生素C价格飙到16美元每千克。在非典流行时期，拜耳公司生产的“力度伸维C泡腾片”被抢购一空，除国内生产线连续运转生产外，还从阿根廷紧急调运10万盒100万支“力度伸”，法国、澳大利亚以及阿根廷的“力度伸”生产基地也全部三班轮转、夜以继日生产，供给中国市场。但是危机一过，维生素C价格又跌回到4美元每千克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2004年石药集团维生药业一条15000吨的维他命C生产在献县，总产量达到每年3万吨。其它的维他命C药厂都在等待另一波的削价竞争。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2005年6月，美国两家企业以“商会组织协调价格涉嫌价格合谋”为理由对中国维他命C四巨头提起反垄断诉讼。2006年2月，美国两家企业再一次在不同法院提起诉讼。随着诉讼的展开，国际维他命C价格也开始下滑。由于中国维他命C占据了美国市场85%的市场份额，所以诉讼的成败对于国内维他命C企业来说关系重大，也导致了国内外维他命C大厂轮番停产。2005年9月荷兰帝斯曼集团（DSM）宣布正式关闭其在美国新泽西的Belvidere维他命C原料药厂，该厂的维他命C原料年生产能力为15000吨。2005年12月德国巴斯夫公司宣布设在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6">丹麦</a>Grenna的维他命C生产车间将停产，此生产车间的年产能为4000吨。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2006年停产风潮波及国内维他命C四巨头，1月间年产量2万多吨的华药维尔康药业停产30天。4月初年产量2万吨的江山制药也进入停产阶段，4月中年产量为3万吨的石药维生药业亦开始进入停产阶段。而年产量约2.3万吨的东北制药则表示还没有停产计划，但正在考虑。这四家企业总产量接近10万吨，占据了国内市场90%以上的份额，出口量占87%，在国际市场上占据着一半以上份额。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中国人在人类与病毒的抗争上充当着关键性的角色。中国人口众多而且居住密集，是病毒最容易传染的地区，也是受病毒残害最深的地区。例如，许多流行性感冒的病毒都发源于中国，SARS病毒也是首先在中国出现的，并且死于SARS的90%是中国人。维生素C在抗病毒和预防病毒性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85">传染病</a>方面具有很高的应用价值。中国逐渐跃居成为维生素C生产的领导地位，但是，中国人服用维生素C的平均剂量，远逊于欧美和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC">日本</a>。如果我们普遍认识到维生素C预防和治疗病毒传染病症的原理并且按量服用，就可以预防很多病毒的传播。维生素C的真正效用，会显示在治疗<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%BD%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F">禽流感</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/SARS">SARS</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/AIDS">AIDS</a>等更严重的病毒传染病上。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>制备方法</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">维生素C最早是从动植物中提炼出来的。后来发展出化学制造法，以及发酵及化学共享的制造法。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>是用微生物或酶将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9">有机化合物</a>分解成其它化合物的方法。维生素C工业制造法有两种，一种是Reichstein发明的一段发酵制造法，一种是尹光琳发明较新的两段<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">Reichstein制造法是瑞士化学家Reichstein发明的制造法，被西方大药厂如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%97%E6%B0%8F">罗氏</a>公司（Hoffmann-La Roche），BASF及日本的武田制药厂等采用。中国药厂全部采用两段<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>，欧洲的新厂也开始使用两段发酵法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">两段<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E6%B3%95">发酵法</a>有效降低了维生素C的生产成本，提高了生产效率。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1、长期服用每日2～3g可引起停药后坏血病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．长期应用大量维生素C偶可引起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8">尿酸</a>盐、半胱氨酸盐或草酸盐结石。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．大量应用（每日用量1g以上）可引起腹泻、皮肤红而亮、头痛、尿频（每日用量600mg以上时）、恶心呕吐、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E7%97%89%E6%8C%9B">胃痉挛</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【注意事项】</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．对诊断的干扰：大量服用将影响以下诊断性试验的结果：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑴大便隐血可致假阳性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑵能干扰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%85">血清</a>乳酸脱氢酶和血清<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B6">转氨酶</a>浓度的自动分析结果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑶<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B3%96">尿糖</a>（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9C">硫酸铜</a>法）、葡萄糖（氧化酶法）均可致假阳性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑷尿中草酸盐、尿酸盐和半胱氨酸等浓度增高。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑸血清<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%86%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0">胆红素</a>浓度上升。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑹尿pH下降。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．下列情况应慎用：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑴半胱氨酸尿症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑵<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%9B%E9%A3%8E">痛风</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑶高草酸盐尿症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑷草酸盐沉积症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑸尿酸盐性肾结石。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑹<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85">糖尿病</a>（因维生素C可能干扰血糖定量）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑺葡萄糖-6-<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8">磷酸</a>脱氢酶缺乏症（可引起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">溶血性贫血</a>）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑻血色病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑼<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%81%E7%B2%92%E5%B9%BC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">铁粒幼细胞性贫血</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">地中海贫血</a>（可致铁吸收增加）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑽镰形红细胞贫血（可致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%B1%E8%B1%A1">溶血危象</a>）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．该品大量长期服用后，宜逐渐减量停药。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">该品可通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%98">胎盘</a>，可分泌入乳汁。妊娠妇女每日大量摄入该品可能对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%8E%E5%84%BF">胎儿</a>有害，但未经动物实验证实。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="14" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub19636_14" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="联用反应" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">维生素c</span>联用反应</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="14" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1、口服大剂量（一日量大于10g）维生素C可干扰抗凝药的抗凝效果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．与巴比妥或扑米酮等合用，可促使维生素C的排泄增加。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0">纤维素</a>磷酸钠可促使维生素C代谢为草酸盐。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4．长期或大量应用维生素C时，能干扰双硫仑对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87">乙醇</a>的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9D%A8%E9%85%B8">水杨酸</a>类能增加维生素C的排泄。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6．与左旋多巴合用，可降低左旋多巴的药效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7．与肝素或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B3%95%E6%9E%97">华法林</a>并用，可引起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%9D%E8%A1%80%E9%85%B6%E5%8E%9F%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4">凝血酶原时间</a>缩短。</div>
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狮子老虎不吃蔬菜水果，为何不会缺乏维生素C
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补充维生素C的最主要途径就是食用新鲜的蔬菜和蔬果，可为什么狮子老虎狼之类的肉食性动物从来不吃蔬菜水果，却也不会得坏血症呢？</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2017-08-29</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">3430</strong></span>
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常吃维生素片能预防癌症吗？这是一篇严谨科普
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01记得就在几年前，还有一位权威循循善诱地教导我：每天服用维生素片，你就百病不侵了。当时，他引用了某个学术界大牛的名字，说此大牛生个感冒什么的小病，从来不吃药，只吃维生素片就够了。他信誓旦旦地说，只要每天补充维生素，可能连癌症都不会得。当我问他这个大牛是谁时，他支支吾吾地表...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2017-11-16</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">232</strong></span>
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<span>中国科普作家协会会员，健康科普达人</span>
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维生素C有什么功效？这种药物有没有副作用？
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简单来说，人如果没有它，就无法存活；如果缺乏或摄入不平衡，就会引起免疫力下降，内环境失调，所以及时补充所缺乏的维生素和矿物质是十分重要的。</a>
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现代生活中补充多种维生素和矿物质早已成为老人和小孩等群体必不可少的日常选择，然而，越来越多的证据表明这些颇受欢迎的维生素和矿物质补充剂对人体是基本无用的，甚至会直接威胁我们的生命健康！科学家在2012年1月至2017年10月期间对多达数十种维生素和矿物质补充剂进行了细致研究...</a>
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<dl class="lemma-reference collapse nslog-area log-set-param" data-nslog-type="2" log-set-param="ext_reference">
<dt class="reference-title">参考资料</dt>
<dd class="reference-list-wrap">
<ul class="reference-list">
<li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[1]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_1_19636" id="refIndex_1_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>王放</span><span class="text">．食品营养保健原理与技术</span><span>：中国轻工业出版社</span><span>，1996</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[2]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_2_19636" id="refIndex_2_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/c2a6G79IxhaymuPblX3p92yin7B2gost761t05fSMmR3kKYNNYW1WAeZ9X6NUO87PvVcbE8pFe9PlGLvIUKnyYZjFH4AR5fCnxoc" target="_blank" class="text">维生素c的化学性质<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">．anychem</span><span>&#91;引用日期2012-09-28&#93;</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[3]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_3_19636" id="refIndex_3_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>葛可佑</span><span class="text">．《公共营养师 基础知识》</span><span>：中国劳动社会保障出版社</span><span>，2013</span><span>：p132-134</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[4]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">4.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_4_19636" id="refIndex_4_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[4]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/6e8akgBFf0YAz7eAH8lDIRuzajwB979xch8WbZ1mgEIg9EWlwsXSTF4qzU4lyhyDx5c6A3xaQCku-d64UpATaBqJBClJcBs" target="_blank" class="text">维生素C;抗坏血酸;vitamin C<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">．化工引擎</span><span>&#91;引用日期2012-09-10&#93;</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type1 " id="reference-[5]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">5.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_5_19636" id="refIndex_5_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[5]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/2705N6yapEmbDEet1oq1UQkSzhctBbblp_4zOEIB703pOJCtynI-xwINtZnQpYdVSWZ2cHp8xYCWSZH7se5BfZUOJ8ZLSkbkJH7HZOmoZLeyNwt-" target="_blank" class="text">维生素C注射液配伍禁忌文献调查和护理意见<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">．中国知网</span><span>&#91;引用日期2012-09-25&#93;</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[6]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">6.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_6_19636" id="refIndex_6_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[6]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>陈辉</span><span class="text">．现代营养学</span><span>．北京</span><span>：化学工业出版社</span><span>，2005</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[7]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">7.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_7_19636" id="refIndex_7_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[7]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>中国就业培训技术指导中心</span><span class="text">．公共营养师(国家职业资格3级) 第二版</span><span>：中国劳动社会保障出版社</span><span>，2013</span><span>：p118-120</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[8]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">8.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_8_19636" id="refIndex_8_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[8]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>蔡东联</span><span class="text">．《实用营养师手册》</span><span>：人民卫生出版社</span><span>，2009年12月</span><span>：p1730-1839</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type2 " id="reference-[9]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">9.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_9_19636" id="refIndex_9_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[9]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span>中国营养学会</span><span class="text">．《中国居民膳食指南》</span><span>：人民出版社</span><span>，2011-1</span><span>：附录：中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量表(DRIS)</span></li><li class="reference-item reference-item--type3 " id="reference-[10]-19636-wrap">
<span class="index">10.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_10_19636" id="refIndex_10_19636" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[10]_19636">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<span class="text">中华人民共和国药典，国家药典委员会编，化学工业出版社，2005年版，二部，p.669</span>
</li></ul>
</dd>
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<div class="open-tag-title">词条标签：</div>
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<span class="taglist">
<a target="_blank" href="/wikitag/taglist?tagId=68038">中国食品科学技术学会</a>
</span>
，<span class="taglist">
科学
</span>
，<span class="taglist">
学科
</span>
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<li>浏览次数：<span id="j-lemmaStatistics-pv"></span>次</li>
<li>编辑次数：261次<a href="/historylist/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0c/380582" class="nslog:1021" target="_blank">历史版本</a></li>
<li>最近更新：<span class="j-modified-time" style="display:none">2018-07-15</span></li>
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<span class="title-index">8.1</span>
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<span class="title-index">8.2</span>
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<span class="title-index">9</span>
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<span class="title-index">13</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">不良反��</span>
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<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">14</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">联用反应</span>
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380582, '维生素c');
}();
!function(){                var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
                var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

                // 展现策略
                rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
                    if (!res.errno) {
                        if (res.data.edit) {
                            $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                            $('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
                        }
                    } else {
                        if ('1') {
                            $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                            $('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
                        }
                    }
                });
                require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/addSub/addSub.js')({                    lemmaId: '380582',                    lemmaTitle: '维生素c',                    lemmaDesc: '',                    versionId: '130208064',                    subLemmaId: '19636'                });
            }();
!function(){        var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
        var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

        // 展现策略
        rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data.divide) {
                    $('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
                }
            }
        });
    }();
!function(){    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect"],function(collect){
		collect({
            newLemmaId:"380582",
			lemmaId:"19636",
			subLemmaId:"19636"
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare"],function(topShare){
        topShare({
            newLemmaId: '380582'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/hotspotmining/hotspotmining');
    }();
!function(){	require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    nslog(10002701);
    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
           nslog(10002702);
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('380582', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/albumList/albumList","wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog"],function($,AlbumList,nslog){
		var list=new AlbumList({
			newLemmaId:"380582",
			lemmaTitle:"维生素c",
			lemmaId:"19636",
			subLemmaId:"19636",
			data:{"2917000":{"coverpic":"9f6e1908a7556a71e9248894","desc":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c\u56fe\u518c","albumTag":"","height":149,"width":220,"total":6,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=52a9249b81cb39dbc5c06055e51709a7\/1f178a82b9014a90796e06cca9773912b31bee6b.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"f31fbe096b63f624908640e58744ebf81b4ca379","owner":"\u5b64\u9b42_5","desc":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c\u56fe\u518c","height":400,"width":400},{"src":"d788d43f8794a4c2f91d9fcd0ef41bd5ad6e391d","owner":"\u5b64\u9b42_5","desc":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c\u56fe\u518c","height":414,"width":414},{"src":"faedab64034f78f05e35e21579310a55b3191c1d","owner":"\u5b64\u9b42_5","desc":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c\u56fe\u518c","height":560,"width":565}]},"0":{"coverpic":"562c11dfa9ec8a136eeb7f19f703918fa1ecc051","width":839,"height":598,"desc":"\u8bcd\u6761\u56fe\u7247","total":2,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=ba895e608226cffc6d2ab8b18c034a7d\/562c11dfa9ec8a136eeb7f19f703918fa1ecc051.jpg"}}
		});
		!!window.ScriptLazyLoad && window.ScriptLazyLoad.regist({
			dom:$('.album-list'),
			loadFunc:function(){
				list.load();
				nslog(1258);
			},
			distance:500
		});
	});
}();
!function(){                    require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/modulePager/modulePager"],function($,Pager){
                        var slideTo = function (index) {
                            var scroller = $('.tashuo-view');
                            scroller.stop().animate({scrollLeft: (index - 1) * 738}, 500);
                        };
                        var pager = new Pager({
                            total:2,
                            handleNext:function(index){
                                slideTo(index);
                            },
                            handlePrev:function(index){
                                slideTo(index);
                            }
                        });
                        pager.appendTo($(".tashuo-bottom-pager"));
                    });
                }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaRelation/lemmaInsert'], function(init) {
            init({ // 关系化统计需求--传参  shangwenbin
                lemmaId: "19636",
                newLemmaId: "380582",
                subLemmaId: "19636",
                lemmaTitle: "维生素c"
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){		require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
			new Reference({
				subLemmaId:"19636"
			});
			new ReferenceTip({
				subLemmaId:"380582",
				lemmaTitle:"维生素c",
				reference:[{"type":"2","author":"\u738b\u653e","title":"\u98df\u54c1\u8425\u517b\u4fdd\u5065\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u6280\u672f","publisher":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f7b\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"","publishYear":"1996","refPage":"","index":1},{"type":"1","title":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28","url":"\/redirect\/c2a6G79IxhaymuPblX3p92yin7B2gost761t05fSMmR3kKYNNYW1WAeZ9X6NUO87PvVcbE8pFe9PlGLvIUKnyYZjFH4AR5fCnxoc","site":"anychem","publishDate":"","refDate":"2012-09-28","index":2},{"type":"2","author":"\u845b\u53ef\u4f51","title":"\u300a\u516c\u5171\u8425\u517b\u5e08 \u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b","publisher":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"","publishYear":"2013","refPage":"p132-134","index":3,"count":"1"},{"index":4,"type":"1","title":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C;\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178;vitamin C","url":"\/redirect\/6e8akgBFf0YAz7eAH8lDIRuzajwB979xch8WbZ1mgEIg9EWlwsXSTF4qzU4lyhyDx5c6A3xaQCku-d64UpATaBqJBClJcBs","site":"\u5316\u5de5\u5f15\u64ce","publishDate":"","refDate":"2012-09-10"},{"type":"1","title":"\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C\u6ce8\u5c04\u6db2\u914d\u4f0d\u7981\u5fcc\u6587\u732e\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u62a4\u7406\u610f\u89c1","url":"\/redirect\/2705N6yapEmbDEet1oq1UQkSzhctBbblp_4zOEIB703pOJCtynI-xwINtZnQpYdVSWZ2cHp8xYCWSZH7se5BfZUOJ8ZLSkbkJH7HZOmoZLeyNwt-","site":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u7f51","publishDate":"","refDate":"2012-09-25","index":5},{"type":"2","author":"\u9648\u8f89","title":"\u73b0\u4ee3\u8425\u517b\u5b66","publisher":"\u5316\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"\u5317\u4eac","publishYear":"2005","refPage":"","index":6},{"type":"2","author":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u6280\u672f\u6307\u5bfc\u4e2d\u5fc3","title":"\u516c\u5171\u8425\u517b\u5e08(\u56fd\u5bb6\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c3\u7ea7) \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248","publisher":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"","publishYear":"2013","refPage":"p118-120","index":7},{"type":"2","author":"\u8521\u4e1c\u8054","title":"\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u8425\u517b\u5e08\u624b\u518c\u300b","publisher":"\u4eba\u6c11\u536b\u751f\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"","publishYear":"2009\u5e7412\u6708","refPage":"p1730-1839","index":8},{"type":"2","author":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u8425\u517b\u5b66\u4f1a","title":"\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u6c11\u81b3\u98df\u6307\u5357\u300b","publisher":"\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e","place":"","publishYear":"2011-1","refPage":"\u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u6c11\u81b3\u98df\u8425\u517b\u7d20\u53c2\u8003\u6444\u5165\u91cf\u8868(DRIS)","index":9},{"type":"3","text":"\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u836f\u5178\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u836f\u5178\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7f16\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u4e8c\u90e8\uff0cp.669","index":10}]
			});
		});
	}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 380582,
            lemmaTitle: '维生素c'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            380582,
            '维生素c'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"786fffe2b171faf30878b96b"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "380582",
                lemmaTitle: "维生素c",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%CE%AC%C9%FA%CB%D8c",
                adManager: null
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '维生素c',
                adManager: null
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){            require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd'], function (init) {
                init({
                    sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
                    adManager: null
                });
            });
        }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('维生素c') + '/' + '380582';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=380582';

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('380582', '维生素c', '维生素c', '130208064', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main'});
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦～'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"19636",
            subLemmaId:"19636",
            newLemmaId:"380582"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '维生素c',
            desc: "\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C \u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u591a\u7f9f\u57fa\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u7b2c2 \u53ca\u7b2c3 \u4f4d\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u70ef\u9187\u5f0f\u7f9f\u57fa\u6781\u6613\u89e3\u79bb\u800c\u91ca\u51faH+,\u6545\u5177\u6709\u9178\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u3002\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C \u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u8131\u6c22\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C,\u4f46\u5176\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u53ef\u9006\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u548c\u8131\u6c22\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd,\u4f46\u8131\u6c22\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u82e5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6c27\u5316\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e8c\u916e\u53e4\u4e50\u7cd6\u9178\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u751f\u7406\u6548\u80fd\u3002",
            pic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=475cebca738da9774e2f812d8853f872\/562c11dfa9ec8a136eeb7f19f703918fa1ecc051.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D598%2C598%2C50\/sign=592b2b182f2eb938ec3829b2b35fb00c\/562c11dfa9ec8a136eeb7f19f703918fa1ecc051.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '380582',
            lemmaTitle: '维生素c'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "19636",
            newLemmaId: "380582",
            subLemmaId: "19636",
            lemmaTitle: "维生素c"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv（小流量）
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = [{"tagId":68038,"tagName":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4f1a"},{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66"},{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5b66\u79d1"}];
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 380582,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求失败）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'error'
            });
        }
    });

    // 设置分享内容
    window.BKShare.setCommon({
        bdText: "\u3010\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20c_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C \u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u591a\u7f9f\u57fa\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u7b2c2 \u53ca\u7b2c3 \u4f4d\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u70ef\u9187\u5f0f\u7f9f\u57fa\u6781\u6613\u89e3\u79bb\u800c\u91ca\u51faH+,\u6545\u5177\u6709\u9178\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u3002\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C \u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u8131\u6c22\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20C,\u4f46\u5176\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u53ef\u9006\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u548c\u8131\u6c22\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd,\u4f46\u8131\u6c22\u6297\u574f\u8840\u9178\u82e5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6c27\u5316\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e8c\u916e\u53e4\u4e50\u7cd6\u9178\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u751f\u7406\u6548\u80fd\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
        bdDesc: '',
        bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0c\/380582',
        bdPic: '',
        onBeforeClick: function (){
            $('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
        }
    });

    // 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
    var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
    $('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
        $(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0c' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
    });

    // 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
    $('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
        var $that = $(this);
        if ($that.width() > 790) {
            $that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
        }
    });
}();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
    }();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
  Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
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